Social Structures in AP US History

02.08.25 11:30 AM - By Claire Baumgartner

One important theme in AP US History is social structures.  Questions on the exam will ask you to describe different types of social relationships.  It will also ask you to evaluate how these relationships have changed over time.


I'm a licensed teacher and professional tutor with over ten years of experience in education.  I've helped dozens of students improve their grades in their AP US History class.  This article will cover social structures and different types of social arrangements.  We'll also discuss relevant examples from AP US history.  Read on for tips you can use to improve your grades today!


Note: This post is part of a series on historical themes covered in AP US History.  You can learn more about the all of the themes in AP US History at this link.

Definition

People have connected with other people throughout American history.  Social structures help explain what connections are typical for a group of people in a specific period of time.  They also describe rules and expectations for these relationships.  People also connect with institutions.  An institution is an organization or tradition that serves a specific purpose within a group.  Marriage and schools are both examples of institutions.

Let's take a closer look at some common forms of social organization.

Gender Roles

Gender roles describe social rules and expectations for people of different genders.  These expectations can limit or expand a person's rights and freedoms in society.  One of the major topics in AP US History is the changing role of women in society.  Several units examine how women advocated for new roles in society.  It also explores how events and circumstances influenced opportunities for women.

Hierarchies

All societies divide people into groups.  A hierarchy occurs when some of those groups have more power or status than others.  Higher status and more power typically leads to better treatment in society.  In US history, hierarchies have been influenced by wealth, race, ethnicity, religion, and immigration status.  The course examines how these hierarchies have impacted politics, economics, and social relationships.

Persecution and Discrimination

Prejudice occurs when someone is judged based their membership in a particular group.  Discrimination occurs when a person's judgement leads them to harm members of a group.  Prejudice and discrimination are recurring issues in US history.  The course explores the historical roots of prejudice and discrimination.  It also explores how the government and activists fought to end discrimination.  These efforts shaped critical moments in US history. 

Example

One of the first examples of social structure in the course is the encomienda system.  This is explored in Unit 1.  The encomienda system was established by the Spanish.  The Spanish king could give people who conquered territory in the Americas an encomienda.  That gave a person the right to control a specific piece of land and the indigenous people who lived on it.  Indigenous people were persecuted under this system.  The Spanish forced them to work on plantations and in mines.

I help ambitious students improve their skills and master the AP US History exam.  Learn more here!


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This material is based on my interpretation of the AP US History Course and Exam Description and my experience working in education for the past decade.  The views expressed on this page are my own.  AP® and Advanced Placement® are trademarks registered and owned by the College Board, which is not affiliated with, and does not endorse, this site.